Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [<i>Eragrostis tef</i> (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging

Getahun Bekana

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging

Getahun Bekana

Published in American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 10 August 2021 Accepted: 21 August 2021 Published: 27 August 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.

Published in	American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
Page(s)	182-189
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cluster, Genetic Distance, Inbred Lines, Principal Component, Traits

References

[1]	Stallknecht, G. F., Gilbertson, K. M. and Eckhoff, J. L., 1993. Teff: Food crop for humans and animals. New crops. Wiley, New York, 5, 231-234.
[2]	Yu, J. K., Kantety, R. V., Graznak, E., Benscher, D., Tefera, H. and Sorrells, M. E., 2006. A genetic linkage map for tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Theoretical and applied genetics, 113 (6): 1093-1102.
[3]	Vavilov NI., 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Translated from the Russian by K. Starrchester, New York: The Ronald Press Co.
[4]	Seyfu Ketema, 1993. Tef (Eragrostis tef): Breeding, Genetic Resources, Agronomy, Utilization and Role in Ethiopian Agriculture. Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[5]	Habtamu Ayalew, Tsige Genet, Tadesse Dessalegn and Landuber Wondale, 2011. Multivariate diversity, heritability and genetic advance in tef landraces in Ethiopia. African Crop Science Journal, 19 (3): 201-212.
[6]	Alganesh Tessema, 2013. Genetic Resource of Tef in Ethiopia. Pp. 15-20. In: Kebebew Assefa, Solomon Chanyalew and Zarihun Tadele (eds). Achievements and Prospects of Tef Improvement. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop Debre Zeit 7-9 November 2011, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
[7]	Seyfu Ketema, 1997. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops, Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resource Institute, Rome, Italy.
[8]	CSA, 2020. Central Statistics Agency. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Agricultural Sample Survey 2019/20 (2012 E.C.). Vol. I. Report on Area and Production of Major Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher season). Statistical Bulletin 278, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[9]	Hailu Tefera and Seyfu Ketema, 2001. Production and importance of tef in Ethiopian Agriculture In: Hailu Tefera, Getachew Belay and Sorrells ME (eds) Workshop Proceedings Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization 3-7.
[10]	Spaenij-Dekking L, Kooy-Winkelaar Y and Koning F., 2005. The Ethiopian Cereal Tef in Celiac Disease. N Engl J Med 353: 1748-1749.
[11]	USDA, 2015. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release, 27. United States Department of Agriculture.
[12]	Cheng, A., Mayes, S., Dalle, G., Demissew, S. and Massawe, F., 2017. Diversifying crops for food and nutrition security–a case of tef. Biological Reviews, 92 (1): 188-198.
[13]	Kebebew Assefa, Yu, J. K., Zeid M., Getachew Belay, Hailu Tefera, and Sorells, ME., 2011. Breeding tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) trotter]: conventional and molecular approaches. Plant Breeding 130: 1-9.
[14]	Alemu Yami, 2013. Tef Straw. A valuable feed resource to improve animal production and productivity. Pp. 233–251. In: Kebebew Assefa, Solomon Chanyalew and Zarihun Tadele (eds). Achievements and Prospects of Tef Improvement. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop Debre Zeit 7-9 November 2011, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
[15]	Yifru Tiklu and Hailu Tefera, 2005. Genetic improvement in grain yield potential and associated agronomic traits of tef (Eragrostis tef). Euphytica 141: 247–254.
[16]	Kebebew Assefa, Gina Cannarozzi, Dejene Girma, Kamies Rizqah, Solomon Chanyalew, Sonia Plaza-Wuthrich, Regula Blosch, Abiel, Rendibascher, Suhaile, Refuaden and Zarihun Tadele, 2015. Genetic diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 177.
[17]	Tadesse Ebba, 1975. Tef (Eragrostis tef) Cultivars: Morphology and Classification. Part II. Debre Zeit Agricultural Experimental Station. Bull. No. 66 Addis Ababa University, College of Agriculture, Ethiopia.
[18]	Zhu, Q., Smith, S. M., Ayele, M., Yang, L., Jogi, A., Chaluvadi, S. R. and Bennetzen, J. L., 2012, High-throughput discovery of mutations in tef semi-dwarfing genes by next-generation sequencing analysis. Genetics 192: 819-829.
[19]	Kebebew Assefa and Zarihun Tadele, 2012. Increasing food production in Africa by boosting the productivity of understudied crops. Agronomy, 2 (4): 240-283.
[20]	Jöst M., Esfeld K., Burian, A., Cannarozzi, G., Solomon, Ch., Kuhlemeier C, Kebebew, A. Zarihun, T., 2015. Semi-dwarfism and lodging tolerance in tef (Eragrostis tef) is linked to a mutation in the α-Tubulin 1 gene. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66: 933–944.
[21]	Kebebew Assefa, Hailu Tefera, Arnulf Merker, Turineh Kefyalew and Fufa Hundera, 2001a. Variability, heritability and genetic advance in pheno-morphic and agronomic traits of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasm from eight regions of Ethiopia. Hereditas 134: 103-101 113.
[22]	Kebebew Assefa, Hailu Tefera, Arnulf Merker, Turineh Kefyalew and Fufa Hundera, 2001b. Quantitative trait diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasm from Central and Northern Ethiopia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 53-61.
[23]	Mesfin Abebe, 2007. Nature and management of acid soils in Ethiopia. M.Sc. Thesis Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
[24]	Esfeld K, Plaza S, Zarihun, T. 2009. Bringing high-throughput techniques to orphan crop of Africa: highlights from tef TIILING project. Journal of Gene Conserve. 8: 803–807.
[25]	Ermias Desta, Sharief Hussein, Laing, M., Fantahun Mengistu and Zarihun Tadele, 2017. Screening of ethyl methane sulphonate mutagenized tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] population identifies Al-tolerant lines. Journal of Plant Interactions, 12 (1): 170-176.
[26]	Tareke Berhe, Zewdie Gebretsadik, Edwards, S. and Hailu Araya, 2011. Boosting tef productivity using improved agronomic practices and appropriate fertilizer. Pp. 133-140. In: Kebebew Assefa, Solomon Chanyalew and Zarihun Tadele (eds). Achievements and Prospects of Tef Improvement. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop Debre Zeit 7-9 November 2011, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
[27]	Likyelesh Gugsa, Sarial, A. K., ˜Lörz, H. and Kumlehn, J., 2006. Gynogenic plant regeneration from un pollinated flower explants of Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter. Plant Cell Reports 25: 1287-1293.
[28]	MoARD, 2020. Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Variety Release, Protection, and Seed Quality Control Directorate, Crop Variety Register No. 33, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[29]	Solomon Chanyalew, 2009. Genetic analyses of agronomic traits of tef (Eragrostis tef) genotypes. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 6 (6): 912-916.
[30]	Solomon Chanyalew, Kebebew Assefa and Gizaw Metaferia, 2013. Phenotypic and molecular diversity in tef. Pp. 21-31. In: Kebebew Assefa, Solomon Chanyalew and Zarihun Tadele (eds). Proceedings of the Second International Workshop Debre Zeit 7-9 November 2011; Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
[31]	Habte Jifar, Kifle Tesfaye, Kebebew Assefa, Solomon Chanyalew and Zarihun Tadele, 2017. Semi-dwarf tef lines for high seed yield and lodging tolerance in Central Ethiopia. African Crop Science Journal, 25 (4): 419-439.
[32]	Habte Jifar, Kebebew Assefa and Zarihun Tadele, 2015. Grain yield variation and association of major traits in brown seeded varieties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Agri. and Food Security 4: 7-16.
[33]	Ramburan, S., Zhou, M. and Labuschagne, M. T., 2012. Investigating test site similarity, trait relations and causes of genotype× environment interactions of sugarcane in the Midlands region of South Africa. Field crops research, 129, 71-80.
[34]	Caldicott, J. B. and Nuttall, A. M., 1979. A method for the assessment of lodging in cereal crops. A. Journal of Natural Institute Agricultural Botany, 15: 88-91.
[35]	SAS., 2011. Statistical Analysis System, Version 9.3. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA.
[36]	Mahalanobis, P. C., 1936. On the generalized distance in statistics. Journal of National Institute of Science India, 2: 49-55.
[37]	Singh, R. K. and Chaudhary, B. D. (1985). Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-Ludhiana.
[38]	Garg, A. and Choudhary, V., 2012. Facial expression recognition using principal component analysis. International Journal of scientific Research Engineering and Technology, 1 (4): 39-42.
[39]	Habte Jifar, 2008. Genetic Diversity and Association of Characters in Released Varieties of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. M.Sc. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
[40]	Temesgen Adeno, 2002. Genetic Divergence and Association of Characters among Quantitative Traits in Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasms. M.Sc. Thesis, Alemaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 120.
[41]	Costanza, S. H., J. M. J. deWet, and J. R. Harlan.; 1979. Literature review and numerical taxonomy of Eragrostis tef. Journal of Economy and Botany, 33: 413-424.
[42]	Melak-Haile Mengesha, Pickett, R. C. and Davis, R. L., 1965. Genetic variability and interrelationship of characters in Teff, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. Crop Science journal, 5 (2): 155-157.
[43]	Kebebew Assefa, Arnulf Merker and Hailu Tefera, 2003a. Multivariate analysis of diversity of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) germplasm from western and southern Ethiopia. Hereditas 138: 228-236.
[44]	Temsgen Adeno, Seyfu Ketema, Hailu Tefera., and Sridhara, H., 2005. Genetic diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasms. Genetic Resource and Crop Evol. 52: 891-902.
[45]	Kebebew Assefa, Seyfu Ketema, Fufa Hundera, Hailu Tefera, Turineh Kefyalew and Mulu Ayele, 1999. Diversity among germplasm lines of the Ethiopian cereal tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Euphytica 106: 87-97.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Getahun Bekana. (2021). Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 9(4), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Getahun Bekana. Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2021, 9(4), 182-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Getahun Bekana. Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2021;9(4):182-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12,
  author = {Getahun Bekana},
  title = {Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging},
  journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {182-189},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20210904.12},
  abstract = {Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging
AU  - Getahun Bekana
Y1  - 2021/08/27
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
T2  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
SP  - 182
EP  - 189
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-880X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
AB  - Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Getahun Bekana

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Getahun Bekana. (2021). Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 9(4), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Getahun Bekana. Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2021, 9(4), 182-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Getahun Bekana. Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2021;9(4):182-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12,
  author = {Getahun Bekana},
  title = {Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging},
  journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {182-189},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20210904.12},
  abstract = {Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging
AU  - Getahun Bekana
Y1  - 2021/08/27
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
T2  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
SP  - 182
EP  - 189
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-880X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12
AB  - Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download