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Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil

Received: 14 May 2021     Accepted: 6 July 2021     Published: 13 July 2021
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Abstract

Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.

Published in Engineering Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
Page(s) 27-32
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hammer Mill, Limestone, Particles Size and Crushing

References
[1] Abdenna, Deressa, Negassa, Chewaka and Tilahun Geleto. 2007. Inventory of Soil Acidity Status in Crop Lands of Central and Western Ethiopia. “Utilization of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet needs” October 9-11, 2007.
[2] Ajaka, Oyedele. 2014. Design Fabrication and Performance Testing of a Laboratory Size Hammer Mill. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Studies. Vol. 2.
[3] Babale, M., 1988. Fabrication of an egusi shelling machine. Agric. Engineering Determent.
[4] Desta, Beyene. 1988. Soil Science Research in Ethiopia: A proceedings of the first soil science research review workshop, 11-14 February 1986, IAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[5] FAO. 2019. The future of livestock in Ethiopia Opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2019.
[6] Gomez A. K., and Gomez A. A. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 357-379.
[7] GTM-20. 2015. Test method for the grain-size analysis of granular materials. Department of Transportation, Revision 5, State of New York.
[8] Mesfin Abebe. 2007. Nature and Management of Acid Soils in Ethiopia. Haramaya University College of Agriculture. pp. 18.
[9] Refaay, and El_Sayed A. S. 2016. Developing a hammer mill for grinding seashells. Journal of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering. Mansoura University, Egypt. Vol. 7 pp: 801–808.
[10] Stone Y., Ahern CR., Blunden B. 1998. Acid sulfate soils manual. (Acid Sulfate Soils Management Advisory Committee; Wollongbar, NSW).
[11] Tamene Lulseged; Amede Tilahun; Kihara J; Tibebe Degefi; Schulz S. (eds.). 2017. A review of soil fertility management and crop response to fertilizer application in Ethiopia: towards development of site- and context specific fertilizer recommendation. CIAT Publication No. 443. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 86p.
[12] Tegbaru Bellete. 2015. 2nd IPI; MoANR, ATA and Hawassa university joint symposium. Hawassa Uninersity, Ethiopia.
[13] USDA. 2018. National SMETE Digital Library Program, administered by the University of Nebraska, Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary.
[14] Wassie Haile and Shiferaw Boke. 2009. Mitigation of soil acidity and fertility decline challenges for sustainable livelihood improvement: research findings from southern region of Ethiopia and its policy implications.
[15] Wassie Haile and Shiferaw Boke. 2011. On-Farm Verification of Lime and NPK Fertilizers Effects on the Tuber Yield of Irish Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) on Some Acidic Soils of Southern Ethiopia. Journal of the Dry lands, 4 (1): 283-288.
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    Gizachew Tefera. (2021). Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Engineering Science, 6(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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    Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng. Sci. 2021, 6(2), 27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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    AMA Style

    Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng Sci. 2021;6(2):27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.es.20210602.12,
      author = {Gizachew Tefera},
      title = {Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil},
      journal = {Engineering Science},
      volume = {6},
      number = {2},
      pages = {27-32},
      doi = {10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20210602.12},
      abstract = {Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil
    AU  - Gizachew Tefera
    Y1  - 2021/07/13
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
    T2  - Engineering Science
    JF  - Engineering Science
    JO  - Engineering Science
    SP  - 27
    EP  - 32
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9279
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
    AB  - Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Bako, Ethiopia

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