Nosocomial infections are infections that develop after 48 hours of admission or within 30 days of discharge from a healthcare facility. The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of occurrence and types of nosocomial infections in patients admitted to the surgical wards. An audit based on records of patients who developed nosocomial infections was conducted. Data extracted included patients’ demography, comorbidities, the organisms cultured, and their resistance patterns. A total of 574 records from 421 patients were found. Seventy percent (69.8%: 294/421) of the patients were males and 66.3% (279/431) were less than 51 years old. Ninety-four (22.3%: 94/421) patients were found to have polymicrobial infections. The records included 62 species of bacteria and 7 candida species. Around 74.7% (429/574) of the cultured organisms were ESKAPE pathogens. The most cultured organism was K. pneumoniae at 18.6% (107/574). Fifty-one percent of the cultured bacteria were resistant to antimicrobials. The overall rate of nosocomial infection was 8.7% with an incidence density of 468.20 per 100 000 patient days. Nosocomial infections were more prevalent in vascular, trauma and neurosurgery patients.
| Published in | Journal of Surgery (Volume 10, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.js.20221001.19 |
| Page(s) | 44-51 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group |
ESKAPE Pathogens, Nosocomial Infection, Prevalence, Resistance, Surgical Patients
| [1] | Mbim E. N., Mboto C. I, & Agbo B. E., 2016. A review of nosocomial infections in sub-Saharan Africa. British Microbiology Research Journal, 15 (1): 1-11. |
| [2] | Nejad S. B., Allegranzi B., Syed S. B., Ellis B., Pittet D., 2011. Health-care-associated infection in Africa: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89: 757-765. |
| [3] | Ramasubramanian V., Iyer V., Sewlikar S., Desai A., 2014. Epidemiology of healthcare acquired infection - An Indian perspective on surgical site infection and catheter related bloodstream infection. IJBAMR, 3 (4): 46-63. |
| [4] | De Oliveira D. M. P., Forde B. M., Kidd T. J., Harris P. N. A., Schembri M. A., Beatson S. A., Paterson D. L., Walker M. J., 2020. Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33 (3): e00181-19. |
| [5] | Sahu M. K., Siddharth B., Choudhury A., Vishnubhatla S., Singh S. P., Menon R., Kapoor P. M., Talwar S., Choudhary S., Airan B., 2016. Incidence, microbiological profile of nosocomial infections, and their antibiotic resistance patterns in a high volume Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Annals of Cardiac Anesthesia, 19 (2): 281-287. |
| [6] | Fűrnkranz U and Walochnik J. Nosocomial Infections: Do No Forget the Parasites! Pathogens 2021; 10: 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020238. |
| [7] | Tabatabaei S. M., Pour F. B., & Osmani S. Epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections and related antimicrobial resistance patterns in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Zahedan, Southeast Iran. Int J Infect. 2015; 2 (4). e29079. doi: 10.17795/iji-29079. |
| [8] | Pandey R, Mishra SK, Shrestha A. Characterisation of ESKAPE Pathogens with Special Reference to Multidrug Resistance and Biofilm Production in a Nepalese Hospital. Infection and Drug Resistance 2021; 14: 2201-2212. |
| [9] | Scherbaum M., Kösters K., Mürbeth R. E., Ngoa U. A., Kremsner P. G., Lell B. & Alabi A., 2014. Incidence, pathogens and resistance patterns of nosocomial infections at a rural hospital in Gabon. Biomedical Central Infectious Diseases 14: 124. |
| [10] | Jansen SJ, Lopriore E, van der Beek MT, Veldkamp KE, Steggerda SJ, Bekker V. The road to zero nosocomial infections in neonates-a narrative review. Acta Paediatrica 2021; 110: 2326-2335. |
| [11] | Meyer E, Schroder C, Gastmeier P, Geffers C. The reduction of nosocomial MRSA infection in Germany-an analysis of data from the Hospital Infection Surveillance System (KISS) between 2007 and 2012. Dtch Arztebl Int 2014: 11: 331-336. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0331. |
| [12] | Izadi N, Eshrati B, Mehrabi Y, Etemad K, Hashemi-Nazari SS. Rate of the incidence of hospital-acquired infections in Iran based on the data of the national nosocomial infections surveillance. New Microbe and New Infections 2020; 38. 100768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100768. |
| [13] | Abubaker L., Bazira J., & Najjuka J. L., 2017. Incidence and of Surgical Site Infections among Emergency Postoperative Patients in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, South Western Uganda. Surgery Research and Practice, 2017: 1-6. |
| [14] | Benkő R, Gajdacs M, Matuz M, Bodo G, Lazar A, Hajdu E, et al. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of ESKAPE Pathogens Isolated in the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Hungary: A 5-Year Retrospective Survey. Antibiotics2020; 9: 624. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9090624. |
| [15] | Mekonnen H, Seid A, Fenta GM, Gebrecherkos T. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and associated factors of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infction among patients admitted at Dessie comprehensive specialized Hospital, North-East Ethopia. A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257272. |
| [16] | Teymourzadeh E, Bahadori M, Fattahi H, Rahdar HA, Moghhadam SM, Shokri A. Prevalence and Predictive Factors for Nosocomial Infection in the Military Hospitals: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2021; 50 (1): 58-68. Doi: 10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5072. |
| [17] | Akoko L. O., Mwanga A. H., Fredrick F., & Mbembati N. M., 2012. Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infection at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East and Central African Journal of Surgery, 17 (3): 12-17. |
| [18] | Setty NH, Nagaraja MS, Nagappa DH, Giriyaiah CS, Gowda NR, & Laxmipathy Naik RD, 2014. A study on surgical site infections (SSI) and associated factors in a government tertiary care teaching hospital in Mysore, Karnataka. Int J Med Public Health, 4: 171-5. |
| [19] | Abubakar U and Tangiisuran B. Nationwide survey of pharmacists’ involvement in antimicrobial stewardship programs in Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 2020; 21: 148-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2019.10.007. |
| [20] | Jain M, Bang A, Meshram P, Gawande P, Kawhale K, Kamble P, et al. Institution of antibiotic stewardship programme for rationalising antibiotic usage: a quality improvement project in the NICU of a public teaching hospital in rural central India. BMJ Open Quality 2021; 10: e001456. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001456. |
| [21] | Schwab F, Gastmeier P, Hoffmann P, Meyer E. Summer, sun and sepsis-The influence of outside temperature on nosocomial bloodstream infections: A cohort study and review of the literature. PLoS ONE 2020; 15 (6): e0234656. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234656. |
| [22] | Teixeira H, Freitas A, Sarmento A, Nossa P, Goncalves H, de Fatima Pina M. Spatial Patterns in Hospital-Acquired Infections in Portugal (2014-2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021; 18: 4703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094703. |
| [23] | Perovic O and Singh A. Nosocomial Infections in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In Tech. DOI: 10.5772/21683. |
| [24] | Gjerazi E., & Gjata A., 2015. Hospital acquired an infection in a general surgery ward. IJSR, 4: 688-700. |
| [25] | Jiang AM, Shi X, Liu N, Gao H, Ren MD, Zheng XQ, et al. Nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria in cancer patients: a six-year retrospective study of an oncology Center in Western China. BMC infectious Diseases 2020; 20: 452. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05181-6. |
| [26] | Dossett LA, Dageforde LA, Swnson BR, Metzger R, Bonatti H, Sawyer RG, May AK. Obesity and Site-Specific Nosocomial Infection Risk in the Intensive Care Unit. Surgical Infections 2009; 10 (2). DOI: 10.1089/sur.2008.028. |
| [27] | Wiedermann CJ. Hypoalbuminemia as a Surrogate and Culprit of Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021; 23: 4496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094496. |
| [28] | Alemu AY, Endalamaw A, Bayih A. The burden of healthcare-associated infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Medicine and Health 2020; 48: 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00263-2. |
| [29] | Nair A, Steinberg WJ, Habib T, Saeed H, Reubenheimer JE. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infection at a tertiary hospital in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. 2018; 60 (5): 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2018.1487211. |
| [30] | Meatherall, B., Gregson, D., Ross, T., Pitout, J. and Laupland, K., 2009. Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia. The American Journal of Medicine, 122 (9), pp. 866-873. |
| [31] | Tsakiridou E, Makris D, Chatzipantazi V, Vlachos O, Xidopoulos G, Charalampidou O, et al. Diabetes and Hemoglobin A1c as Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infections in Critically Ill Patients. Critical Care Research and Practice 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/279479. |
APA Style
Hassan Nazeerah, De Oliveira Bianca, Fraser Simon, Govender Sameshan, Madzinga Maano, et al. (2022). Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients at a Central Academic Hospital in South Africa. Journal of Surgery, 10(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.js.20221001.19
ACS Style
Hassan Nazeerah; De Oliveira Bianca; Fraser Simon; Govender Sameshan; Madzinga Maano, et al. Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients at a Central Academic Hospital in South Africa. J. Surg. 2022, 10(1), 44-51. doi: 10.11648/j.js.20221001.19
AMA Style
Hassan Nazeerah, De Oliveira Bianca, Fraser Simon, Govender Sameshan, Madzinga Maano, et al. Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients at a Central Academic Hospital in South Africa. J Surg. 2022;10(1):44-51. doi: 10.11648/j.js.20221001.19
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.js.20221001.19,
author = {Hassan Nazeerah and De Oliveira Bianca and Fraser Simon and Govender Sameshan and Madzinga Maano and Mpati Nokolinah and Rahiman Fathima-Zahra and Kalla Zahra and Malebati William Khabe and Luvhengo Thifhelimbilu Emmanuel},
title = {Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients at a Central Academic Hospital in South Africa},
journal = {Journal of Surgery},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {44-51},
doi = {10.11648/j.js.20221001.19},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.js.20221001.19},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.js.20221001.19},
abstract = {Nosocomial infections are infections that develop after 48 hours of admission or within 30 days of discharge from a healthcare facility. The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of occurrence and types of nosocomial infections in patients admitted to the surgical wards. An audit based on records of patients who developed nosocomial infections was conducted. Data extracted included patients’ demography, comorbidities, the organisms cultured, and their resistance patterns. A total of 574 records from 421 patients were found. Seventy percent (69.8%: 294/421) of the patients were males and 66.3% (279/431) were less than 51 years old. Ninety-four (22.3%: 94/421) patients were found to have polymicrobial infections. The records included 62 species of bacteria and 7 candida species. Around 74.7% (429/574) of the cultured organisms were ESKAPE pathogens. The most cultured organism was K. pneumoniae at 18.6% (107/574). Fifty-one percent of the cultured bacteria were resistant to antimicrobials. The overall rate of nosocomial infection was 8.7% with an incidence density of 468.20 per 100 000 patient days. Nosocomial infections were more prevalent in vascular, trauma and neurosurgery patients.},
year = {2022}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients at a Central Academic Hospital in South Africa AU - Hassan Nazeerah AU - De Oliveira Bianca AU - Fraser Simon AU - Govender Sameshan AU - Madzinga Maano AU - Mpati Nokolinah AU - Rahiman Fathima-Zahra AU - Kalla Zahra AU - Malebati William Khabe AU - Luvhengo Thifhelimbilu Emmanuel Y1 - 2022/02/28 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.js.20221001.19 DO - 10.11648/j.js.20221001.19 T2 - Journal of Surgery JF - Journal of Surgery JO - Journal of Surgery SP - 44 EP - 51 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-0930 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.js.20221001.19 AB - Nosocomial infections are infections that develop after 48 hours of admission or within 30 days of discharge from a healthcare facility. The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of occurrence and types of nosocomial infections in patients admitted to the surgical wards. An audit based on records of patients who developed nosocomial infections was conducted. Data extracted included patients’ demography, comorbidities, the organisms cultured, and their resistance patterns. A total of 574 records from 421 patients were found. Seventy percent (69.8%: 294/421) of the patients were males and 66.3% (279/431) were less than 51 years old. Ninety-four (22.3%: 94/421) patients were found to have polymicrobial infections. The records included 62 species of bacteria and 7 candida species. Around 74.7% (429/574) of the cultured organisms were ESKAPE pathogens. The most cultured organism was K. pneumoniae at 18.6% (107/574). Fifty-one percent of the cultured bacteria were resistant to antimicrobials. The overall rate of nosocomial infection was 8.7% with an incidence density of 468.20 per 100 000 patient days. Nosocomial infections were more prevalent in vascular, trauma and neurosurgery patients. VL - 10 IS - 1 ER -
Email: